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益生菌的功效和食物【4点禁忌】最畅销益生菌排名

Published 01/20/2021 • Modified 09/06/2023 • Follow Us @X

益生菌,英文是 Probiotics。益生菌是一种对人体有益的活性微生物,其通过调节肠道内菌群平衡,促进营养吸收,保持肠道的健康。人体内的细菌,有的对人体有利,有的则相反。因此,对于那些长期定殖在人体内,对人体有益的活性细菌或者酵母菌,可以称之为益生菌。

益生菌对维持人体健康起着至关重要的作用。日常生活中,我们可以通过益生菌补充剂或者一些益生菌食物来补充,比如,酸奶,泡菜等。

文末汇总了最畅销的益生菌排名Top100,截至2022年12月,最畅销的三款益生菌分别是:Physician’s CHOICE, Bloom Nutrition, Bloom Nutrition。

本文目录

  • 益生菌是什么? 有哪些种类?
  • 益生菌的功效有哪些?
  • 益生菌食物有哪些?
  • 美国益生菌推荐
  • 益生菌怎么吃?
  • 益生菌可以长期吃吗?
  • 益生菌副作用有哪些?
  • 最畅销的益生菌排名 Top100
  • 参考文献

益生菌是什么? 有哪些种类?

益生菌的英文是 Probiotics,是一种对人体有益的活性微生物,其通过调节肠道内菌群平衡,促进营养吸收,保持肠道的健康。

在人体的肠道菌群中,包含大量微生物,多达几百种,除了这些益生菌,还有其他微生物,例如,病毒、真菌、古生菌、蠕虫。

今天的这篇文章,主要介绍的是益生菌。益生菌一般包括乳杆菌 (Lactobacillus),双歧杆菌 (Bifidobacterium),酵母菌 (Saccharomyces),链球菌 (Streptococcus),肠球菌 (Enterococcus),埃希氏菌属 (Escherichia),芽孢杆菌属 (Bacillus) 等【2】。

由此可见,益生菌种类繁多,同一种类的益生菌可能包含许多不同的菌株,因此,效果也不一样。

最常见的益生菌包括【1】:

  • 乳杆菌 (Lactobacillus)

在日常生活中,我们所食用的酸奶与一些发酵食品中都富含乳杆菌。有的乳杆菌菌株有助于缓解腹泻、乳糖不消化症状。

  • 双歧杆菌 (Bifidobacterium)

双歧杆菌有助于缓解肠易激综合症(IBS)的症状。一些乳制品也含有这种益生菌。

  • 布拉氏酵母菌 (Saccharomyces boulardii)

正如其名,布拉氏酵母菌属于一种酵母菌。该益生菌有助于缓解腹泻以及其他消化问题。

益生菌有助于调节肠道内菌群平衡,让身体保持一种健康的状态,比如,服用抗生素之后,体内益生菌会流失,这时,医生可能会建议您补充益生菌以达到一种平衡状态。因此,要按照医生建议,选择合适的益生菌。

益生菌的功效有哪些?

合理食用益生菌食品或者益生菌补充剂,有利于促进人体健康,比如提高免疫系统、改善皮肤、促进消化系统健康、有利于减肥等。

当肠道内菌群失衡,一些有害细菌就会乘机而入,并进行大规模繁殖,这时就需要益生菌来与之抗争,以帮助身体恢复平衡的状态,维持身体健康【8】。

益生菌功效总结如下【2】:

A. 促进消化系统的健康

益生菌有助于消除幽门螺杆菌感染 (Helicobacter Pylori Infections),幽门螺杆菌是导致溃疡和胃癌的主要因素之一。还可用来治疗肠易激综合症的 (IBS:一种常见的消化系统疾病),缓解胀气、腹胀、便秘、腹泻等症状。

但目前关于此类研究并没有得出统一结论。除此之外,益生菌可用于治理炎症性肠病,比如溃疡性结肠炎。但其效果需要更多的研究进一步证实。

大量服用抗生素,可能会杀死肠道内的益生菌,造成肠道内菌群失衡、有害细菌得以繁衍,因此,长期服用抗生素会导致腹泻,有证据表明,益生菌补充剂有助于治疗此类腹泻。

因此,若存在消化不良的问题,可以考虑使用益生菌补充剂,但在服用之前,请务必咨询您的医生【2】。

B. 可能有助于减肥

补充某些益生菌可能有助于减肥。但此类结果仍需进一步研究【2】。

一些研究表明,肥胖者的肠道细菌与其他人存在差异,另外,无论是婴儿还是成年人,其肥胖情况与肠道微生物之间都存在一定的联系。有证据显示,成年后,肠道微生物发生变化,这可能也是导致肥胖的原因之一。

C. 有助于女性泌尿系统健康

益生菌也可用于维持女性泌尿系统的健康。与肠道一样,女性泌尿系统也处于一个平衡状态的生态系统。在乳酸杆菌过多的环境下,酸性过强,有害微生物则无法生存。但有一些因素会造成泌尿生殖系统失衡,比如抗生素、杀精剂、避孕药。

服用益生菌则可重新恢复菌群的平衡,有助于解决女性常见的泌尿生殖系统疾病,例如细菌性阴道病、宫颈感染、尿道感染【4】。

D. 其他功效【2】

  • 消炎:炎症是引发许多疾病的主要因素,服用益生菌可以有效减轻身体的炎症;
  • 治疗抑郁和焦虑症状:有研究表明,瑞士乳杆菌 (Lactobacillus helveticus) 与长双歧杆菌(Bifidobacterium longum) 用于抑郁症临床治疗,可以减轻患者的焦虑和抑郁症状;
  • 降低血清胆固醇水平:有些益生菌可以用来降低总胆固醇、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇水平。比如短双歧杆菌,罗伊氏乳杆菌;
  • 适度降低血压:益生菌有助于降低血压,对于血压高的人群效果更加明显;
  • 提高免疫力:研究表明,双歧杆菌可以增强人体免疫力,降低感染风险,比如普通感冒的感染;
  • 改善皮肤:研究表明,益生菌可以治疗痤疮,酒渣鼻和湿疹以及其他皮肤疾病;
  • 抗衰老:尽管研究有限,目前仍有证据表示,益生菌有可能通过提高细胞自我复制的能力来延长寿命;

益生菌食物有哪些?

日常生活中,我们都可以从许多食物中摄取益生菌,比如【3】:

酸奶 (Yogurt)

酸奶是益生菌的最佳来源之一,对于儿童来说,喝酸奶不仅有助于避免由抗生素引起的腹泻、缓解肠易激综合症(IBS)的症状,还有利于改善骨骼健康。此外,酸奶可能适合乳糖不耐症的人群。因为细菌将一些乳糖转化为乳酸,这也是酸奶带有酸味的原因。

但要注意的是,不是所有酸奶都含有活性益生菌,有些酸奶中的益生菌可能已经在加工过程中被杀死了。因此,购买之前,请仔细阅读产品说明。

尽量选择标注“Contains Live/Active Cultures(含有活性菌落)”的品种,不是“made with active cultures”。比如,下面几款就很不错:

Bulgarian Bio Yogurt Starter Culture - Natural, Home Made
@Amazon

Affiliate Link

GoGo squeeZ yogurtZ Strawberry
@Amazon

Affiliate Link

开非尔 (Kefir)

开菲尔是以牛乳、羊乳、或山羊乳为原料,添加含有乳酸菌和酵母菌的开菲尔粒发酵剂,经发酵酿制而成的一种传统酒精发酵乳饮料。开菲尔可以改善骨骼健康,解决一些消化问题,并预防感染。像酸奶一样,乳糖不耐症的人群通常也会选择开菲尔。

常见的开菲尔酸奶品牌有:

Lifeway Low Fat Kefir
@Amazon

Affiliate Link

德国泡菜 (Sauerkraut)

德国泡菜是最古老的传统食品之一,尤其在欧洲非常受欢迎。其味偏咸,可以在密闭的容器中存放数月。除了富含益生菌之外,德国泡菜还含有纤维以及维生素C、维生素B、和维生素K。

另外,钠含量也很高,并且含有铁、锰。食用德国泡菜对眼睛也有益处,因其含有抗氧化剂叶黄素和玉米黄质。需要注意的是,要选择未经高温消毒的泡菜,确保其含有活性细菌,比如:

Sauerkraut Classic- raw fermented organic kraut
@Amazon

Affiliate Link

豆豉 (Tempeh)

豆豉是一种发酵的大豆产品 ,通常富含植酸,植酸是一种植物性化合物,会损害诸如铁和锌等矿物质的吸收。但发酵会降低植酸的含量,从而促进人体对矿物质的吸收。另外,豆豉含有维生素B12,发酵之前的大豆没有这种维生素。

因此,对于希望在饮食中添加营养性益生菌的人来说,豆豉无非是绝佳的选择,比如:

Lightlife Original Organic Tempeh
@Amazon

Affiliate Link

韩式泡菜 (Kimchi)

韩式泡菜的主要成分通常是白菜,有时也可以加入其他蔬菜。味道偏辣。富含泡菜乳杆菌,以及其他有利于身体健康的乳酸菌。

韩式泡菜还富含维生素K、核黄素、铁,比如:

Mother In Law's Kimch
@Amazon

Affiliate Link

康普茶 (Kombucha)

康普茶是一种日本调味料,由盐、与一种被称为日本酒曲的真菌发酵大豆而制成。富含蛋白质和纤维、各种维生素、矿物质与植物化合物。通常味道偏咸,可用于做味噌汤,味噌汤是日本一种流行的早餐食品。

另外,有研究表明,日本中年女性患乳腺癌的风险较低,与经常食用味噌汤有关,比如:

Yogi Tea - Green Tea Kombucha
@Amazon

Affiliate Link

酸黄瓜 (Pickles)

酸黄瓜是通过在盐水中研制而成。热量低,且含有丰富的益生菌,有助于改善消化系统的健康。但需要注意的是,如果您打算在家中自制酸黄瓜,建议不要放醋,因为用醋制成的酸黄瓜不含有活性益生菌,比如:

Pickles Kosher Dill Spears Organic
@Amazon

Affiliate Link

传统酪乳 (Traditional Buttermilk)

酪乳可分为两种,一是traditional buttermilk,即传统酪乳,二是cultured buttermilk,发酵过的酪浆。

传统制法的白脱牛奶是制作黄油(即牛油butter)后残余的牛奶,所以叫做buttermilk。 这种 “传统酪乳”,如今在印度,巴基斯坦和黎巴嫩等国家还可以买到。但是可以肯定的是,在西方国家已经见不到了。

然而现在美国超市可以买得到的酪乳,就是发酵过的酪浆,不含有任何益生菌。

纳豆(Natto)

纳豆也是一种大豆发酵品,含有一种被称为枯草芽孢杆菌(Bacillus subtilis)的菌株。在日本,纳豆相当于一种主食,通常与米饭混在一起食用。其味香浓,富含蛋白质和维生素K2。维生素K2对于维持骨骼与心血管的健康至关重要。

有些研究还表明,纳豆有助于预防女性骨质疏松,比如:

New York Natto Organic
@Amazon

Affiliate Link

Miso soup味噌汤

味噌汤是一种早餐食品,在日本广受欢迎。其富含益生菌,可以用来制作咸汤,热量低;富含维生素B,具有抗氧化作用【6】。比如:

Miko Brand Instant Miso Soup Variety Pack
@Amazon

Affiliate Link

以上是生活中常见的富含益生菌的食物,您可能发现,很多发酵食品都富含益生菌,主要是因为在发酵过程中,天然细菌以食品中的糖和淀粉为食,产生乳酸。 这个过程为保存食物创造了一个良好的环境,并促进有益的酶、维生素B和欧米伽- 3脂肪酸的成长,以及各种有益细菌的繁殖。

然而,并非所有发酵食品都含有益生菌。有些食物在发酵过程中,需要经过一个去除益生菌的步骤,例如啤酒或葡萄酒。另一方面,一些发酵过程中,益生菌失去活性,例如烘烤、罐头。 不过,如上所述,大多数发酵食品都是益生菌食品【7】。

美国益生菌推荐

生活中,我们不仅可以从发酵食物中摄取益生菌,还可以借助益生菌补充剂。

下面是一些益生菌补充剂,需要注意的是,服用之前,请咨询医生。

Zarbee's Kid's Complete Multivitamin + Probiotic Gummies
@Amazon

Affiliate Link

Zarbee’s Naturals 儿童综合维生素+益生菌软糖:Zarbee’s Naturals含有的复合维生素,包括维生素 A、维生素C、维生素D3、维生素E、维生素B6、维生素B12 和叶酸以及总复合B 族维生素,能促进儿童健康成长与发育,其含有的益生菌可以促进肠道消化,维持肠道健康,提高儿童免疫系统,适合 2 岁及以上儿童。

Physician's Choice Probiotics 60 Billion CFU
@Amazon

Affiliate Link

60 Billion Probiotic:该益生菌经医生批准,采用益生元和益生菌制成,属于成人益生菌。有利于促进肠道健康消化,缓解胀气、腹胀、便秘等症状。 由 10 种益生菌菌株与高级专业非转基因配料制成,包括嗜酸乳杆菌(La-14)、干酪乳杆菌(Lc-11)、副干酪乳杆菌(Lpc-37)、唾液乳杆菌(Ls-33)、植物乳杆菌(Lp-115)、乳双歧杆菌(Bl-04)、双歧杆菌(Bb-02)、长双歧杆菌 (Bl-05) )、双歧杆菌(Bb-03)、保加利亚乳杆菌(Lb-87)。不含防腐剂、贝类、粘合剂等其他不必要材料。

NewRhythm Probiotics 50 Billion CFU 20 Strains
@Amazon

Affiliate Link

NewRhythm Probiotics:该益生菌100%纯天然,属于非转基因产品,不含麸质、谷蛋白、糖、大豆、酵母、小麦、玉米、花生、鱼、贝母、镁、人造成分、防腐剂等(豆类、小麦、花生等属于常见的过敏性食品),利用医学配方,每份含50亿个活性有机物,有助于肠胃健康消化,提高身体免疫力,为肠道内部维持平衡的生态环境。另外,这款益生菌品质稳定,无需冷藏。

Probiotic 40 Billion CFU - Probiotics for Women & Men
@Amazon

Affiliate Link

BioSchwartz Probiotic:这款益生菌补充剂纯天然制造,不含转基因,不含麸质,无需冷藏。含有干酪乳杆菌、副干酪乳杆菌、植物乳杆菌、乳酸乳球菌。有助于提高免疫系统,促进消化健康,缓解过敏、胀气、腹胀、便秘等症状。还能改善新陈代谢,加速脂肪流失,达到减肥的作用。

Hyperbiotics Pro 15 Probiotic | Patented Time Release Pearls
@Amazon

Affiliate Link

Hyperbiotics:该益生菌含有植物乳杆菌、发酵乳杆菌、嗜酸乳杆菌、婴儿双歧杆菌、干酪乳杆菌、长双歧杆菌、鼠李糖乳杆菌、罗伊氏乳酸杆菌、唾液乳杆菌、副干酪乳杆菌、格氏乳杆菌、两歧双歧杆菌、短双岐杆菌、嗜热链球菌;非转基因,不含酵母、乳制品、大豆、小麦、坚果、防腐剂、糖、人造色素、香料。有助于健康消化,促进营养吸收,提高免疫系统,维持健康体重,帮助您充满活力。

Renew Life Women's Probiotics 25 Billion CFU
@Amazon

Affiliate Link

Renew Life : Woman’s Care Probiotics:该益生菌补充剂专为女性打造,含有鼠李糖乳杆菌GR-1、罗伊氏乳杆菌 RC-14、植物乳杆菌 Lp-115、鼠李糖乳杆菌GG、乳酸乳球菌LI-23、干酪乳酸杆菌Lc-11、副干酪乳杆菌Lpc-37、嗜酸乳酸杆菌 La-14、短乳杆菌Lbr-35。不仅助消化、提高免疫力,而且促进泌尿系统与尿道的健康,保持阴道 pH值和酵母水平处于健康状态。

Garden of Life Dr. Formulated Probiotics for Women & Prebiotics
@Amazon

Affiliate Link

Garden of Life 女士益生菌:这款女士益生菌含有乳酸菌与双歧杆菌,不含乳制品、麸质、大豆,较为稳定,无需冷藏。有助于促进消化健康,提高免疫系统,缓解便秘症状。特制的罗伊氏乳酸杆菌有助于维持女性泌尿系统的健康。

vH essentials Probiotics with Prebiotics and Cranberry Feminine Health Supplement
@Amazon

Affiliate Link

vH Essentials 益生菌:这款益生菌补充剂主要成分包含:维生素C(抗坏血酸)、天然蔓越莓粉、益生元、凝结芽孢杆菌(Lactospore)、菊粉益生元(低聚果糖)、嗜酸乳杆菌、鼠李糖乳杆菌、胶囊、硬脂酸镁、二氧化硅、微晶纤维素。益生元有助于滋养体内已有的益细菌,临床研究表明,服用蔓越莓可促进尿道健康。

RepHresh Pro-B Probiotic Supplement for Women
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RepHresh Pro-B女性益生菌女性补充胶囊:该益生菌服用后7天内生效,含有无水葡萄糖、明胶、马铃薯淀粉、微晶纤维素、硬脂酸镁和二氧化钛。有助于平衡体内的益生菌环境,维持健康的阴道酵母水平与PH值。

注意:为了您与家人的健康,建议大家在使用益生菌之前,请提前咨询医生,选择最合适的益生菌。另外,在存放益生菌产品时一定要详细阅读说明,因为一些益生菌非常脆弱,具有怕热、怕光、怕湿等特点。比如,有些益生菌需要冷藏,否则很有可能失效。

益生菌怎么吃?

美国食品与药品管理局规定,益生菌更像食物,而不是药物。与制药公司不同,益生菌补充剂的制造商不需要证明其产品是否安全或者有效。因此,在您服用益生菌之前,切记要咨询医生【1】。

对于免疫缺失或者正在接受癌症化疗的人群,未经医生许可不得使用益生菌。益生菌通常在低温环境下生存。一般在药店和超市都能买到益生菌补充剂。剂量因产品而异,因此无法提出一般剂量建议。但是,成年人的常见剂量每天在50亿-100亿个菌落形成单位之间 (菌落形成单位,即CFU:Colony-Forming Units,指单位体积中的活菌个数)。每日只需服用一剂。刚服用的前几天,有些人可能会出现大便稀疏的情况,但这种情况会逐渐消失。建议饭后服用益生菌,有助于减轻症状【5】。

益生菌可以长期吃吗?

从上文我们可以看到,在生活中,益生菌的作用不容小觑,我们不仅可以从食物中,也可以从益生菌补充剂获取益生菌。那么,既然益生菌的好处如此之多,是不是就意味着,可以长期,甚至每天都补充呢?

参考文献 [8] 指出:一般情况下,每天使用益生菌是安全的。长期使用正确的益生菌可以减轻一些症状,有利于身体健康。

当我们面临一些小毛病的时候,比如,出现了腹泻,服用益生菌,可能会在短短几天之内看到效果。但对于肠易激综合征(IBS)这样的消化系统常见病,可能需要服用8周,甚至更久之后,才能完全发挥作用。因为益生菌在体内积累并发挥作用也需要一段时间。

许多研究都表明,每天服用益生菌对人体是有益的【9】。

另外,有实验发现,必须每天服用益生菌补充剂才能使其定植体内,并发挥健康益处,一旦停用,益生菌在肠道内停留的时间将不会超过一周。

经常会有人担心,每天服用益生菌,消化系统是否会对益生菌过于依赖。与泻药不同的是,当前还没有研究表示身体会依赖益生菌。

益生菌副作用有哪些?

一般情况下,益生菌食品和补充剂是比较安全的。目前关于益生菌副作用的研究还不够充分。可能会有过敏、感染、胃部轻度不适、腹泻、胀气、腹胀的风险[2]。从文章[8]中,可以得知,对于本身可能有潜在问题的人来说,食用益生菌会产生一些罕见的副作用。 这些副作用包括:败血症、心内膜炎、肝脓肿、真菌过度生长。

以下人群服用益生菌出现副作用的风险较大,这些人群包括【10】:

  • 免疫系统受损(比如正在接受化疗)
  • 身患严重疾病
  • 最近刚做手术
  • 早产儿

此外,对于孕妇、或哺乳期的女性使用益生菌是否存在潜在风险,目前还没有得出准确的结论。

因此,处于以上任何一种情况的人群,为了您与家人的健康,在服用益生菌之前,请务必咨询医生。

最畅销的益生菌排名 Top100

更新时间: 2022月12日

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#98

Chewable Oral Probiotics for Mouth — Bad Breath Treatment Supplement
Chewable Oral Probiotics for Mouth — Bad Breath Treatment Supplement

原价: $28.99
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#99

Lovebug Award Winning Probiotics Constipation & Stomach Discomfort Softer Bowel
Lovebug Award Winning Probiotics Constipation & Stomach Discomfort Softer Bowel

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#100

NatureWise Oral Health Chewable Probiotics Supports Healthy Teeth Gums &
NatureWise Oral Health Chewable Probiotics Supports Healthy Teeth Gums &

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参考文献

  1. What Are Probiotics? WebMD
  2. Probiotics 101: A Simple Beginner’s Guide, WebMD
  3. 11 Probiotic Foods That Are Super Healthy, WebMD
  4. Health benefits of taking probiotics, WebMD
  5. Should you take probiotics? , WebMD
  6. Top Foods With Probiotics, WebMD
  7. How to get more probiotics, WebMD
  8. How quickly do probiotics work? WebMD
  9. Is it ok to take probiotics every day? , WebMD
  10. Probiotics: What You Need To Know? WebMD

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